[Date: Mon, 11 Aug 1997 10:40:25 -0700

Forwarded message from: Multiple recipients of list SASIALIT]

India's Odd, Enduring Patchwork

By SHASHI THAROOR

August 8, 1997: New York Times: <letters@nytimes.com>

A year ago, when India celebrated the 49th anniversary of

its independence from British rule, H.D. Deve Gowda, then the Prime

Minister, stood at the ramparts of New Delhi's 16th-century Red Fort

and delivered the traditional Independence Day address to the nation

in Hindi, India's "national language."

Eight other prime ministers had done exactly the same thing

48 times before, but what was unusual this time was that Mr. Gowda,

a southerner from the state of Karnataka, spoke to the country in a

language of which he scarcely knew a word. Tradition and politics

required a speech in Hindi, so he gave one -- the words having been

written out for him in his native Kannada script, in which they, of

course, made no sense.

Such an episode is almost inconceivable elsewhere, but it

represents the best of the oddities that help make India India. Only

in India could a country be ruled by a man who does not understand

its "national language." Only in India, for that matter, is there a

"national language" half the population does not understand. And only

in India could this particular solution be found to enable the Prime

Minister to address his people.

One of Indian cinema's finest singers, K.J. Yesudas, sang his

way to the top of the Hindi music charts with lyrics in that language

written in the Malayalam script for him, but to see the same practice

elevated to the prime ministerial address on Independence Day was a

startling affirmation of Indian pluralism.

We are all minorities in India. A typical Indian stepping off

a train, a Hindi-speaking Hindu man from the Gangetic plain state of

Uttar Pradesh, might cherish the illusion that he represents the

"majority community," to use an expression much favored by the less

industrious of our journalists. But he does not. As a Hindu he belongs

to the faith adhered to by some 82 percent of the population, but a

majority of the country does not speak Hindi, a majority does not hail

from Uttar Pradesh, and if he were visiting, say, the state of Kerala,

he would discover that a majority there is not even male.

Worse, this archetypal Hindu has only to mingle with the

polyglot, polychrome crowds thronging any of India's main railway

stations to realize how much of a minority he really is. Even his

Hinduism is no guarantee of majorityhood, because his caste

automatically places him in a minority as well. If he is a Brahmin,

90 percent of his fellow Indians are not; if he is a Yadav (one of the

intermediate castes), 85 percent of Indians are not, and so on.

Or take language. The Constitution of India recognizes 17

languages today, but in fact there are 35 Indian languages, each spoken

by more than a million people -- and these are languages with their own

scripts, grammatical structures and cultural assumptions, not just

dialects (and if we're to count dialects, there are more than 22,000).

No language enjoys majority status in India. Thanks in part to

the popularity of Bombay's cinema, Hindi is understood, if not always

well spoken, by nearly half the population of India, but it is in no

sense the language of the majority. Indeed, its locutions, gender rules

and script are unfamiliar to most Indians in the south or northeast.

Ethnicity further complicates the matter. Most of the time, an

Indian's name immediately reveals where he is from and what his mother

tongue is. When we introduce ourselves we are advertising our origins.

Despite some intermarriage among the elites in the cities, Indians still

largely remain endogamous, and a Bengali is easily distinguished from a

Punjabi.

Such differences among Indians often are stronger than what they

may have in common. A Brahmin from Karnataka shares his Hindu faith with

a Kurmi from Bihar, but the two diverge completely when it comes to

physical appearance, dress, social customs, food, language and political

objectives.

At the same time, a Tamil Hindu would feel that he has far more

in common with a Tamil Christian or Muslim than with, say, a Jat from

Haryana with whom he formally shares the Hindu religion.

So pluralism emerges from the very nature of the country; it is

a choice made inevitable by India's geography, reaffirmed by its history

and reflected in its ethnography. Indian nationalism is a rare animal

indeed. It is not based on language (since we have at least 17 or 35,

depending on whether you follow the Constitution or the ethnolinguists).

It is not based on geography. (The "natural" frontiers of India

have been hacked by the partition of 1947.) It is not based on ethnicity.

(Indian Bengalis and Punjabis, for instance, have more in common with

Bangladeshis and Pakistanis than with other Indians.) And it is not

based on religion. (We are home to almost every faith known to mankind,

and Hinduism -- a religion without a national organization, established

church or ecclesiastical hierarchy -- exemplifies our diversity more

than our common cultural heritage.) Indian nationalism is the

nationalism of an idea, the idea of an ever-ever land that is greater

than the sum of its contradictions.

This land imposes no narrow conformities on its citizens; you

can be many things and one thing. You can be a good Muslim, a good

Keralite and a good Indian all at once.

So the idea of India is of one land embracing many. It is the

idea that a nation may accommodate differences of caste, creed, color,

culture, cuisine, costume and custom, and still be a nation -- so long

as democracy insures that none of these differences are decisive in

determining an Indian's opportunities.

Our founding fathers wrote a constitution that gave passports

to their ideals, but violent secessionism has plagued several border

states, as some minority groups, like Assam and Punjab, have sought to

subtract themselves from the Indian ideal on religious, regional or

ethnic grounds.

Some of these troubles continue, but in a land of minorities,

no struggle affects all Indians. The power of electoral numbers has

been able to lessen caste discrimination. Indeed, last month, for the

first time, an "untouchable" was elected as President of India.

For the rest of the world, wary of the endless multiplication of

sovereignties, hesitant before the clamor for self-determination echoing

in a hundred different dialects, anxious about murderous new

fundamentalisms and unconvinced that every sub-nationality is worthy of

support, there may be something to be said for the Indian idea.

If the overwhelming majority of a people share the political

will for unity, if they wear the dust of a shared history on their

foreheads and the mud of an uncertain future on their feet, and if they

realize they are better off living in Kozhikode or Kanpur dreaming the

same dreams as those in Kohlapur or Kohima, a nation exists, celebrating

diversity and freedom. That is the India that has emerged in the last

50 years, and it is well worth celebrating.